1) Features of the contemporary OS-
Object-oriented design, systematic multi-processing, microkernel architecture. The OS provides an interface between user and machine. It enables the coordination of hardware components and provides an environment for software applications to function. The OS also displays a structure for data management and monitors the health of system hardware.
Process management involves various tasks like creation, scheduling, termination of processes, and a deadlock. The process is a program that is under execution, which is an important part of modern-day operating systems. The OS must allocate resources that enable processes to share and exchange information. It also protects the resources of each process from other methods and allows synchronization among processes.
3) How main memory and virtual memory can solve the issue-
Main memory has its limitations making running programs a little challenging depending on the workload demand. If a user requests to run too many processes, the memory may not be able to execute each process in a hard slot that each process requires. Main memory also is more difficult to manage to cause 'holes' in memory and fragmentation. Virtual memory is controlled by the OS and creates an 'unlimited' sense of memory from the users' point of view. Virtual memory manages what slots in main memory processes occupy and what processes have to wait in a queue.
4)Explain how files, mass storage, and I/O are handled in a modern computer system.
Mass storage refers to various techniques and devices for storing large amounts of data.
Common types of mass storage include the following:
- solid-state drives (SSD)
- hard drives
- external hard drives
- optical drives
- tape drives
- RAID storage
- USB storage
- flash memory cards
Today, mass storage is measured in gigabytes (1,024 megabytes) and terabytes(1,024 gigabytes). Older mass storage technology, such as floppy drives, are measured in kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,024 kilobytes),
Mass storage is sometimes called auxiliary storage.
- Management of I/O devices is a very important part of the operating system - so important and so varied that entire I/O subsystems are devoted to its operation. ( Consider the range of devices on a modern computer, from mice, keyboards, disk drives, display adapters, USB devices, network connections, audio I/O, printers, special devices for the handicapped, and many special-purpose peripherals. )
- Operating System takes help from device drivers to handle all I/O devices.
- A computer must have a way of detecting the arrival of any type of input. There are two ways that this can happen, known as polling and interrupts. Both of these techniques allow the processor to deal with events that can happen at any time and that are not related to the process it is currently running.
- An alternative scheme for dealing with I/O is the interrupt-driven method. An interrupt is a signal to the microprocessor from a device that requires attention.
6.Outline the mechanisms necessary to control the access of programs or users to the resources defined by a computer system.
Considering a computer system having multiple users and concurrent execution of multiple processes, the various processes must be protected from each other's activities.
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection −
- The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
- The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
- The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.
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